Abstract:

In the paper, on the example of special properties of water that distinguishes it from all other substances, is shown that, if a thermodynamic system, in addition to heat capacity, has other internal mechanisms of heat storage (phase transformations, chemical reactions, etc.) and heat release process may occur at a higher temperature than reverse process of heat absorption, it is able to generate mechanical energy from the heat of environment. In particular, is considered a three-phase gas-liquid Carnot cycle, which allows generating energy continuously from the heat of the equilibrium environment. Therefore, it is strictly shown that the Carnot theory is valid only for simple, phenomenological systems, and formulated on its basis second law of thermodynamics; in fact, do not have the force of law. The result that fundamentally violates the theory of Carnot and theoretical foundations of contemporary classical hermodynamics is obtained. Accordingly, searching for fluids for which the freezing temperature decreases markedly with pressure increasing would be considered as one of interesting ways of radical change in modern energy industry.

Keywords: theory of Carnot; second law; thermodynamics; energy; global warming; tornado.